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Socio-Religious Reform Movements: 113 previous year questions

UPSC has asked 113 questions on Socio-Religious Reform Movements between 1980 and 2026: CDS 47 · CSE 27 · CAPF 17 · NDA 12 · EPFO (AO/EO) 5 · Geo-Scientist 3 · CISF (LDCE) 1 · EPFO (APFC) 1. 73 of them came after 2015, so this is a live topic examiners keep returning to. 27 were set in Civil Services Prelims; the rest come from UPSC's other papers, which draw on the same question bank.

Practise these 113, one at a timeRead the questions

Tap an option to check yourself. Answers follow the official UPSC key; where the key was dropped or disputed the question is not shown.

Consider the following statements : 1. The first meeting of the All India Depressed Classes Conference was held at Poona in 1926 under the presidency of M. C. Rajah. 2. The All India Depressed Classes Association was formed at Nagpur in 1928 with Dr. Bhimrao Ambedkar as its first elected President. 3. The All India Depressed Classes Congress was founded by Dr. B. S. Munje at a conference in Bombay in 1936. Which of the statements given above are correct?

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Answer D (official UPSC key)None correct | All India Depressed Classes Association (1926) → formed at Nagpur with M.C. Rajah as first president

With reference to the women achievers in modern India, consider the following statements : 1. Pandita Ramabai published a book ―A Comparison Between Women and Men‖ where she protested against the colonial view that men enjoyed all the rights, opportunities and benefits of change. 2. Tarabai Shinde worked in the field of medicine to reduce child mortality in rural India. 3. Sarojini Naidu led a delegation to London to demand for female franchise. How many of the statements given above is/are correct ?

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Answer A (official UPSC key)Correct → Sarojini Naidu's delegation to London for female franchise | NOT: 'A Comparison Between Women and Men' by Pandita Ramabai (Tarabai Shinde) | NOT: Tarabai Shinde in medicine

Consider the following statements about Raja Ram Mohan Roy: I. He possessed great love and respect for the traditional philosophical systems of the East. II. He desired his countrymen to accept the rational and scientific approach and the principle of human dignity and social equality of all men and women. Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

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Answer C (official UPSC key)Raja Ram Mohan Roy → respected Eastern philosophical systems; wanted rational, scientific approach and equality of men and women

Match List I with List II and select the answer using the code given below the Lists : Reformer (List I) Social Work/Text (List II) A. Vishnu Shastri Pundit 1. Widow Remarriage Association B. Karsondas Mulji 2. Satya Prakash C. Debendranath Tagore 3. Tattvabodhini Sabha D. Raja Ram Mohan Roy 4. Vedic Physics: Scientific Origin of Hinduism Code A-1, B-2, C-3, D-4 A-2, B-1, C-4, D-3 A-1, B-4, C-3, D-2 A-3, B-2, C-1, D-4

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Answer A (official UPSC key)Vishnu Shastri Pundit : Widow Remarriage Association; Karsondas Mulji : Satya Prakash; Debendranath Tagore : Tattvabodhini Sabha; Raja Ram Mohan Roy : Vedic Physics (per key)

Consider the following statements about the condition of widows in the 18th century India : 1. Raja Sawai Jai Singh of Amber promoted widow remarriage. 2. Maratha General Parshuram Bhau promoted widow remarriage. 3. Raja Ram Mohan Roy opposed Sati. Which of the statements given above are correct ?

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Answer D (official UPSC key)Widow remarriage promoted by Sawai Jai Singh of Amber and Parshuram Bhau; Raja Ram Mohan Roy opposed Sati

Consider the following Women‟s Associations and their important associates in early twentieth century India : 1. Women‘s Indian Association of 1917 Margaret Cousins 2. National Council of Women in India of 1925 Sarala Devi Chaudhurani 3. Bharat Stree Mahamandal of 1910 Lady Meherbai Tata Which of the above pairs is/are correctly matched ?

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Answer D (official UPSC key)Women's Indian Association (1917) : Margaret Cousins → only correct pair

Consider the following statements : 1. Muhammadan Anglo-Oriental College was founded at Aligarh by Sayyid Ahmad Khan. 2. Sayyid Ahmad Khan was a great believer in religious toleration, and Hindus, Parsis and Christians had contributed to the funds of his college. Which of the statements given above is/are correct ?

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Answer C (official UPSC key)Muhammadan Anglo-Oriental College, Aligarh → founded by Sayyid Ahmad Khan; Hindus, Parsis and Christians funded it

Which one of the following statements about Tattvabodhini Patrika is correct ?

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Answer A (official UPSC key)Tattvabodhini Patrika → systematic study of India's past in the Bengali language

Which of the following statements about Mahatma Gandhi‟s anti-untouchability campaign is/are correct ? 1. The All India Harijan Sevak Sangh was founded for this purpose. 2. The campaign was to root out untouchability, since it did not enjoy the sanction of the Hindu shastras. Select the correct answer using the code given below:

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Answer C (official UPSC key)Gandhi's anti-untouchability campaign → All India Harijan Sevak Sangh; untouchability had no sanction in the Hindu shastras

Which of the following statements is/are correct ? 1. Parmahansa Mandali was founded in Bengal by Swami Vivekananda 2. Prarthana Samaj was started in Maharashtra with the aim of reforming Hindu religious thought and practice Select the correct answer using the code given below:

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Answer B (official UPSC key)Prarthana Samaj → Maharashtra, to reform Hindu religious thought | NOT: Paramhansa Mandali founded in Bengal by Vivekananda

Which of the following statements about Prarthana Samaj are correct ? 1. Its aim was to reform the Hindu society 2. It was based in Maharashtra 3. It believed in monotheism 4. It had greatly influenced the Brahmo Samaj Select the correct answer using the code given below :

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Answer C (official UPSC key)Prarthana Samaj → reform of Hindu society; based in Maharashtra; monotheism | NOT: greatly influenced the Brahmo Samaj

Which of the following statements about Ishwarchandra Vidyasagar is/are NOT correct? 1. Vidyasagar's writings significantly helped to develop the Bengali language 2. He received the title 'vidyasagar' from Presidency College kolkata 3. He was enthusiastic about the spread of women's education 4. Vidyasagar defended widow marriage without being convinced about scriptural support Select the correct answer using the code given below:

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Answer A (official UPSC key)NOT correct about Vidyasagar → title from Presidency College (it was Sanskrit College); defended widow marriage without scriptural support

Which of the following statements about the Arya Samaj which emerged in the late 19th century are correct? 1. Had a very strong support base amongst the trading castes 2. Introduced 'shuddhi' or mass purification 3. The moderates in the Arya Samaj were headed by Hand Raj and Lajpat Rai and set up a chain of Dayanand Anglo-Vedic colleges 4. The Arya Samaj had fewer members than the Brahmo Samaj Select the correct answer using the code given below:

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Answer B (official UPSC key)Arya Samaj → strong base in trading castes; shuddhi; moderates under Hans Raj and Lajpat Rai ran DAV colleges | NOT: fewer members than the Brahmo Samaj

Consider the following pairs : [2019-I] Movement / Organization Leader 1. All India Anti-Untouchability League Mahatma Gandhi 2. All India Kisan Sabha Swami Sahajanand Saraswati 3. Self-Respect Movement E. V. Ramaswami Naicker Which of the pairs given above is/are correctly matched?

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Answer D (official UPSC key)All India Anti-Untouchability League : Mahatma Gandhi; All India Kisan Sabha : Swami Sahajanand Saraswati; Self-Respect Movement : E. V. Ramaswami Naicker → all correct

Consider the following statements related to Dayanand‟s idea of social reform : 1. Dayanand‘s reform envisaged a social order, where different castes performed functions suitable to their status determined by merit. 2. Dayanand‘s ‗robust Vedic counterpart‘ challenged the masculine West that had enslaved the Aryavarta. Which of the statement/s given above is/are correct ?

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Answer C (official UPSC key)Dayanand's social order → castes by merit | 'Robust Vedic counterpart' challenged the masculine West

Which of the following statements about Sir Syed Ahmad Khan is/are correct? 1. He argued that India was a federation of ethnic communities based on common descent. 2. His philosophy was very similar to that of the Indian National Congress. 3. He imagined India as a Nation State based on individual citizen‘s rights. 4. The curriculum at the Mohammedan Anglo- Oriental College blended Muslim theology and European empiricism. Select the correct answer using the code given below.

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Answer D (official UPSC key)Sir Syed Ahmad Khan → India a federation of ethnic communities; MAO College blended Muslim theology and European empiricism

Which of the following statements about the Shiromani Gurudwara Prabandhak Committee (SGPC) are correct? 1. It began as the political wing of the Singh Sabhas in the late 19th century. 2. It was formed in 1920 as part of the upcoming Akali movement. 3. It was founded to reclaim control of the Sikh shrines from the government manipulated loyalist committees. 4. It formed the Akali Dal to coordinate groups (Jathas) to reclaim control of the shrines. Select the correct answer using the code given below.

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Answer B (official UPSC key)SGPC → formed in 1920 in the Akali movement; to reclaim shrines from loyalist committees; formed the Akali Dal | NOT: political wing of the Singh Sabhas

Which of the following statements about the social base of the Arya Samaj in British India is/are correct? 1. It was located mainly in Punjab and western Uttar Pradesh. 2. It mainly comprised the trading castes. 3. It was much more limited than that of the Brahmo Samaj Select the correct answer using the code given below.

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Answer A (official UPSC key)Arya Samaj base → Punjab and western Uttar Pradesh; trading castes | NOT: more limited than the Brahmo Samaj's

Which one of the following statements about the All India Depressed Classes Association is not correct?

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Answer D (official UPSC key)NOT correct about the All India Depressed Classes Association → favoured Ambedkar's separate electorate

Which one of the following statements about the Justice Party is not correct?

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Answer D (official UPSC key)NOT correct about the Justice Party → supported the Congress boycott of elections in 1920

In 1893, there occurred a split in the Arya Samaj on the issue(s) of: A. Meat-eating vs vegetarianism B. Caste system and widow remarriage C. Shuddhi of converts D. Anglicised vs Sanskrit-based education Select the correct answer using the code given below: 1,3 and 4 2 and 4 1 and 4 only 1 only

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Answer C (official UPSC key)Arya Samaj split of 1893 → meat-eating vs vegetarianism; Anglicised vs Sanskrit-based education

Who among the following were well known as champions of women‟s education in colonial India ? A. Sister Subbalaksmi B. Begum Rokeya Sakhawat Hossain C. Keshub Chandra Sen D. Ananda Coomaraswamy Select the correct answer using the code given below: 1,2,3 and 4 1,2 and 3 only 3 and 4 only 1 and 2 only

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Answer B (official UPSC key)Champions of women's education → Sister Subbalaksmi; Begum Rokeya Sakhawat Hossain; Keshub Chandra Sen | NOT: Ananda Coomaraswamy

Which of the following statement(s) about caste movements in early 20th century Kerala is/are false ? 1. Kerala's first modern novel Indulekh attacked the social dominance of Nambudiri Brahmans in Kerala. 2. C.V. Raman Pillai's novel Marthanda Varma was written against the exploitation of peasants by Nair landlords. 3. Sree Narayana Guru was one of the founders of the Sree Narayana Dharma Paripalana Yogam that was engaged in the upliftment of the Ezhavas in Kerala. 4. Dr. Palpu, the first Ezhava graduals was one of the founders of the S Narayana Dharma Paripalana Yog that was engaged in the upliftment the Ezhavas in Kerala. Select the correct answer using the code given below :

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Answer C (official UPSC key)False → Marthanda Varma written against Nair landlords' exploitation of peasants | Indulekha attacked Nambudiri dominance; Sree Narayana Guru and Dr. Palpu founded the SNDP Yogam

Which of the following statements about the social reformer, Raja Ram mohan Roy, is false ?

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Answer A (official UPSC key)False about Rammohun Roy → belonged to a diminished gentry class (born into a wealthy family)

Which of the following statements about Jyotirao Phule's Satyashodhak Samaj Movement in Maharashtra is / are true? 1. The Satyashodhak Samaj was set up in 1873. 2. Phule argued that Brahmins were the progeny of 'alien' Aryans. 3. Phule's focus on the Kunbi peasantry in the 1880s and 1890s led to a privileging of Maratha identity. Select the correct answer using the code given below.

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Answer D (official UPSC key)Satyashodhak Samaj → set up in 1873; Brahmins the progeny of 'alien' Aryans; Kunbi focus privileged Maratha identity

Consider the following statements about Syed Ahmed Khan, the founder of Muhammadan Anglo-Oriental College, Aligarh 1. He was a staunch supporter of Indian National Congress. 2. Muhammadan Anglo-Oriental College was set-up with the objective of promoting learning of Islamic education among the Muslims. Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

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Answer D (official UPSC key)Syed Ahmed Khan → NOT a supporter of the Congress | MAO College → NOT for Islamic education alone (western learning)

Consider the following statement 1. Statement II: Ram Mohan Roy in his famous work Gift to Monotheism put forward weighty arguments against belief in many Gods and for the worship of a single God. 2. Statement II: Ram Mohan Roy in his Precepts of Jesus tried to separate the moral and philosophic message of the New Testament. Codes:

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Answer B (official UPSC key)Gift to Monotheists → arguments for one God | Precepts of Jesus → moral message of the New Testament | II not the explanation of I

Consider the following statement 1. Statement I: The Bethune School, founded in Calcutta in 1849 was the first fruit of the powerful movement for women's education that arose in the 1840s, and 1850s. 2. Statement II: The first step in giving modern education to girls was undertaken by Vidyasagar in 1800. Codes:

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Answer C (official UPSC key)Bethune School (1849) → first fruit of the women's education movement | NOT: Vidyasagar began girls' education in 1800 (born 1820)

Annie Besant was [2013] 1. responsible for starting the Home Rule Movement 2. the founder of the Theosophical Society 3. once the President of the Indian National Congress Select the correct statement/statements using the codes given below.

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Answer C (official UPSC key)Annie Besant → started the Home Rule Movement; once President of the Indian National Congress | NOT: founder of the Theosophical Society

Match the following List-I with List-II: List-I: A. Iyothee Thass; B. Jyotiba Phule; C. John Rathinam; D. E V Ramaswami Naickar List-II: 1. Satyashodhak Samaj; 2. Dravida Kazhagam; 3. Self Respect Movement; 4. Dravida Mahajana Sabha

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Answer C (official UPSC key)Iyothee Thass : Dravida Mahajana Sabha; Jyotiba Phule : Satyashodhak Samaj; John Rathinam : Dravida Kazhagam; E V Ramaswami Naickar : Self Respect Movement

Which of the following parties were established by Dr. B. R. Ambedkar? [2012 ] 1. The Peasants and Workers Party of India 2. All India Scheduled Castes Federation 3. The Independent Labour Party Select the correct answer using the codes given below:

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Answer B (official UPSC key)Established by Dr. B. R. Ambedkar → All India Scheduled Castes Federation; Independent Labour Party | NOT: Peasants and Workers Party of India

During the Indian freedom struggle, the National Social Conference was formed. What was the reason for its formation?

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Answer B (official UPSC key)National Social Conference formed because → Indian National Congress kept social reform out of its deliberations

Which of the following statements is/are correct regarding Brahmo Samaj? [2012] 1. It Opposed Idolatry 2. It denied the need for a priestly class for interpreting the religious texts. 3. It popularized the doctrine that the Vedas are infallible. Select the correct answer using the codes given below:

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Answer B (official UPSC key)Brahmo Samaj → opposed idolatry; no priestly class needed to interpret texts | NOT: Vedas infallible

Which of the following statements about Theosophical Society are correct ? 1. Its founders were non-Indians. 2. Its advocates were in favour of the revival of Hinduism. 3. It advocated for the adoption of rational and scientific approach based on western ideas. 4. It helped people to overcome the sense of false pride. Select the correct answer using the code given below ;

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Answer D (official UPSC key)Theosophical Society → founders non-Indians; favoured revival of Hinduism | NOT: western rational approach | NOT: overcame false pride

Which one among the following statements regarding the social and religious reform ideas of Raja Rammohan Roy is not correct?

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Answer D (official UPSC key)NOT correct about Rammohan Roy → attended exclusively to middle-class issues

Which of the statements given below about Vivekananda are correct? 1. He believed that Vedanta was fully rational. 2. He criticised his contrymen for having lost touch with the outside world. 3. He condemned the caste system. 4. He considered the Veda to be infallible. Select the correct answer using the codes given below

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Answer A (official UPSC key)Vivekananda → Vedanta fully rational; criticised isolation from the outside world; condemned caste | NOT: Veda infallible

After the death of Raja Rammohan Roy, the Brahmo Samaj split into two sections; the Brahmo Samaj of India and the Adi Brahmo Samaj. Who were the leaders of the two sections, respectively?

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Answer A (official UPSC key)Brahmo Samaj split → Brahmo Samaj of India : Keshab Chandra Sen; Adi Brahmo Samaj : Debendranath Tagore

Which Reformer does the following passage relate to ? ―He insisted on the cooperation of the Muslims with the British Government and looked at all political movements with distrust. Thus, when the Indian National Congress was formed, he opposed it. He regarded education and education alone as the means of national progress.‖ Select the correct answer using the code given below :

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Answer C (official UPSC key)Urged Muslim cooperation with the British, opposed the Congress, education alone → Sir Syed Ahmad Khan

Consider the following statements relating to Raja Rammohan Roy 1. He knew that the spread of Western education was necessary to develop a national and scientific attitude in the Indian society. 2. He played a pioneering role in the religious and social reform movements of 19th century, Bengal. Which of the above statements is/are correct?

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Answer C (official UPSC key)Raja Rammohan Roy → valued Western education for a scientific attitude; pioneer of 19th-century Bengal reform

Consider the following statements 1. Dayanand Saraswati founded the Arya Samaj in 1875. 2. The Arya Samaj repudiated the authority of the caste system. 3. Dayanand Saraswati was born in the Brahman family. Which of the statements given above are correct?

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Answer A (official UPSC key)Dayanand Saraswati → founded the Arya Samaj in 1875; Arya Samaj repudiated caste authority; born in a Brahman family

Consider the following statements about Swami Vivekananda 1. He said that Vedanta was the religion of all. 2. He believed in reviving all the best traditions of Hinduism. 3. He was impressed by the status of women in the West. Which of the statements given above are correct?

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Answer A (official UPSC key)Swami Vivekananda → Vedanta the religion of all; revived best Hindu traditions; impressed by status of women in the West

Which of the following statements about Annie Besant are correct? 1. She founded the Central Hindu College at Benaras. 2. She organised the Home Rule League. 3. She introduced the Theosophical Movement in India. Select the correct answer using the codes given below

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Answer B (official UPSC key)Annie Besant → founded the Central Hindu College, Benaras; organised the Home Rule League | NOT: introduced the Theosophical Movement in India

Consider the following statements: [2005] 1. Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar founded the Bethune School at Calcutta with the main aim of encouraging education for women. 2. Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay was the first graduate of Calcutta University. 3. Keshav Chandra Sen's campaign against Sati led to the enactment of a law to ban Sati by the Governor-General. Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

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Answer B (official UPSC key)Correct (per key) → Vidyasagar and the Bethune School for women's education; Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay first graduate of Calcutta University | Law banning Sati (1829) → Raja Ram Mohan Roy's campaign, not Keshav Chandra Sen's

Consider the following statements: [2001] 1. Arya Samaj was founded in 1835. 2. Lala Lajpat Rai opposed the appeal of Arya Samaj to the authority of Vedas in support of its social reform programme. 3. Under Keshab Chandra Sen, the Brahmo Samaj campaigned for women's education. 4. Vinoba Bhave founded the Sarvodya Samaj to work among refugees. Which of these statements are correct?

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Answer D (official UPSC key)Keshab Chandra Sen's Brahmo Samaj → campaigned for women's education | Vinoba Bhave → Sarvodaya Samaj for refugees | Arya Samaj founded in 1875 | NOT: Lajpat Rai opposed the Arya Samaj

His principal forte was social and religious reform. He relied upon legislation to do away with social ills and work unceasingly for the eradication of child marriage and the purdah system. To encourage consideration of social problems on a national scale, he inaugurated the Indian National Social Conference, which for many years met for its annual session alongside the Indian National Congress. The reference in this passage is to: [1996]

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Answer C (official UPSC key)Relied on legislation, inaugurated the Indian National Social Conference → Mahadev Govind Ranade

Which of the following political parties/ organisations were established by Dr. B.R. Ambedkar? 1. Swaraj Party 2. Samaj Samata Sangh 3. All India Scheduled Castes Federation 4. The Independent Labour Party Select the correct answer using the codes given below:

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Answer C (official UPSC key)Established by Dr. B.R. Ambedkar → Samaj Samata Sangh; All India Scheduled Castes Federation; Independent Labour Party | NOT: Swaraj Party

Match the columns [88] List I List II A. Karsondas Mulji 1. Tatvabodhini Patrika B. Dadabhai Naoroji 2. Satya Prakash C. Debendranath Tagore 3. Fight for legal status to Parsi women D. Henry Vivian Derozio 4. Peasant Movement 5. Young Bengal Group Codes A B C D

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Answer C (official UPSC key)Karsondas Mulji : Satya Prakash; Dadabhai Naoroji : legal status for Parsi women; Debendranath Tagore : Tatvabodhini Patrika; Derozio : Young Bengal Group

Which of the following laws was passed during the second half of the nineteenth century under the Social and Religious Reform Movement?

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Answer B (official UPSC key)Law of the reform movement, second half of 19th century → sanction of inter-caste and inter-communal marriages (Native Marriage Act of 1872)

Match the following correctly : List I List II A. Ramakrishna Mission 1. Swami Dayanand Saraswati B. Arya Samaj 2. Raja Rammohan Roy C. Brahmo Samaj 3. Atmaram Pandurang D. Prarthana Samaj 4. Swami Vivekananda Select the correct answer using the codes given below: A B C D

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Answer A (official UPSC key)Ramakrishna Mission : Swami Vivekananda; Arya Samaj : Swami Dayanand Saraswati; Brahmo Samaj : Raja Rammohan Roy; Prarthana Samaj : Atmaram Pandurang

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